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Jun 2012

Volume 24, Issue 6, Articles (06xxxx)

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Phys. Fluids 24, 063302 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729453 (18 pages)

Wenbo Tang, Brent Knutson, Alex Mahalov, and Reneta Dimitrova
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back to top Viscous and Non-Newtonian Flows
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Effect of oxidation on the mechanical properties of liquid gallium and eutectic gallium-indium

Qin Xu, Nikolai Oudalov, Qiti Guo, Heinrich M. Jaeger, and Eric Brown

Phys. Fluids 24, 063101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4724313 (13 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 June 2012

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Liquid metals exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, in particular large surface tension and low viscosity. However, these properties are greatly affected by oxidation when exposed to air. We measure the viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle of gallium and a eutectic gallium-indium alloy while controlling such oxidation by surrounding the metals with an acid bath of variable concentration. Rheometry measurements reveal a yield stress directly attributable to an oxide skin that obscures the intrinsic behavior of the liquid metals. We demonstrate how the intrinsic viscosity can be obtained with precision through a scaling technique that collapses low- and high-Reynolds number data. Measuring surface tension with a pendant drop method, we show that the oxide skin generates a surface stress that mimics surface tension and develop a simple model to relate this to the yield stress obtained from rheometry. We find that yield stress, surface tension, and contact angle all transition from solid-like to liquid behavior at the same critical acid concentration, thereby quantitatively confirming that the wettability of these liquid metals is due to the oxide skin.
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68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
68.08.Bc Wetting
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
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