Phys. Fluids (1994-Present) - Physics of Fluids

Select this Article

Imbibition of concentrated suspensions in capillaries

William Holloway, Jeffrey M. Aristoff, and Howard A. Stone

Phys. Fluids 23, 081701 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3619217 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

We observe the imbibition of concentrated suspensions of rigid spherical particles into capillary tubes. We find that while the meniscus position advances according to the square root of time, the pre-factor of this “diffusive” scaling is smaller than that predicted by an ad-hoc extension of classical imbibition using an effective viscosity for the imbibing fluid. The reduction in the pre-factor is traced to the presence of axial variations in particle volume fraction, which arise as a result of shear-induced migration of particles across streamlines. In addition, we develop a model that accounts for the effect of both radial and axial variations in particle volume fraction on the movement of the imbibition front which partially accounts for the main experimental observations.

+

Show PACS

47.56.+r	Flows through porous media
47.57.eb	Diffusion and aggregation
68.03.-g	Gas-liquid and vacuum-liquid interfaces
68.03.Cd	Surface tension and related phenomena
47.55.nb	Capillary and thermocapillary flows

Select this Article

Extensibility enables locomotion under isotropic drag

On Shun Pak and Eric Lauga

Phys. Fluids 23, 081702 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3624790 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Anisotropic viscous drag is usually believed to be a requirement for the low Reynolds number locomotion of slender bodies such as flagella and cilia. Here, we show that locomotion under isotropic drag is possible for extensible slender bodies. After general considerations, a two-ring swimmer and a model dinoflagellate flagellum are studied analytically to illustrate how extensibility can be exploited for self-propulsion without drag anisotropy. This new degree of freedom could be useful for some complex swimmer geometries and locomotion in complex fluid environments where drag anisotropy is weak or even absent.

+

Show PACS

47.63.Gd	Swimming microorganisms
87.17.Rt	Cell adhesion and cell mechanics
87.17.Jj	Cell locomotion, chemotaxis

Select this Article

Turbulent boundary layer flow subject to streamwise oscillation of spanwise wall-velocity

M. Skote

Phys. Fluids 23, 081703 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3626028 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Direct numerical simulations have been performed to study the effect of a stationary distribution of spanwise wall-velocity that oscillates in the streamwise direction on a turbulent boundary layer. For the first time, a spatially developing flow with this type of forcing is studied. The part of the boundary layer which flows over the alternating wall-velocity section is greatly affected with a drag reduction close to 50% which exhibits an oscillatory distribution with a wavenumber which is twice that of the imposed wall-velocity. The maximum in drag reduction occurs where the wall velocity is at its maximum (or minimum) and the minimum occurs where the wall velocity is zero. Comparisons of the mean spanwise velocity profiles with the analytical solution to the laminar Navier-Stokes equations show very good agreement. The streamwise velocity profile indicates a thickening of the viscous sub-layer when scaled with the local friction velocity and an upward shifting of the logarithmic region when scaled with the reference (unmanipulated) friction velocity. An estimation of the idealized power consumption shows that—with the present wall forcing magnitude—more energy is required for the spatial oscillation than what is saved by drag reduction.

+

Show PACS

47.27.nb	Boundary layer turbulence
02.60.Cb	Numerical simulation; solution of equations
47.10.ad	Navier-Stokes equations
47.15.Cb	Laminar boundary layers
47.27.ek	Direct numerical simulations

Select this Article

Stokesian peristaltic pumping in a three-dimensional tube with a phase-shifted asymmetry

Vivian Aranda, Ricardo Cortez, and Lisa Fauci

Phys. Fluids 23, 081901 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3622319 (10 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Many physiological flows are driven by waves of muscular contractions passed along a tubular structure. This peristaltic pumping plays a role in ovum transport in the oviduct and in rapid sperm transport through the uterus. As such, flow due to peristalsis has been a central theme in classical biological fluid dynamics. Analytical approaches and numerical methods have been used to study flow in two-dimensional channels and three-dimensional tubes. In two dimensions, the effect of asymmetry due to a phase shift between the channel walls has been examined. However, in three dimensions, peristalsis in a non-axisymmetric tube has received little attention. Here, we present a computational model of peristaltic pumping of a viscous fluid in three dimensions based upon the method of regularized Stokeslets. In particular, we study the flow structure and mean flow in a three-dimensional tube whose asymmetry is governed by a single phase-shift parameter. We view this as a three-dimensional analog of the phase-shifted two-dimensional channel. We find that the maximum mean flow rate is achieved for the parameter that results in an axisymmetric tube. We also validate this approach by comparing our computational results with classical long-wavelength theory for the three-dimensional axisymmetric tube. This computational framework is easily implemented and may be adapted to more comprehensive physiological models where the kinematics of the tube walls are not specified a priori, but emerge due to the coupling of its passive elastic properties, force generating mechanisms, and the surrounding viscous fluid.

+

Show PACS

87.10.Pq	Elasticity theory
87.19.rh	Fluid transport and rheology
02.60.-x	Numerical approximation and analysis
47.11.-j	Computational methods in fluid dynamics
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels

Select this Article

Ferrofluid flow in the annular gap of a multipole rotating magnetic field

Isaac Torres-Díaz and Carlos Rinaldi

Phys. Fluids 23, 082001 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3611027 (11 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 4 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

A solution is obtained for the ferrohydrodynamic problem of ferrofluid flow in the annular gap between two coaxial cylinders under the influence of the magnetic field generated by a multipole stator winding. The solution is applicable to small values of the applied magnetic field amplitude, takes into account the spatial harmonics produced by the multipole stator winding, and includes the effect of spin viscosity. The special case for which the internal diameter goes to zero, corresponding to the cylindrical “spin-up flow” geometry, is also obtained. Results show that for zero spin viscosity (η' = 0), no flow is predicted for any number of poles in the winding. In the case of nonzero spin viscosity, for a two-pole stator winding (m = 1) the solution predicts counter-rotating flow with respect to the magnetic field close to the inner cylinder and co-rotating flow with respect to the magnetic field near the outer cylinder, in agreement with previously reported experimental observations. For stator windings with larger number of poles (m>1), the solution predicts co-rotation of fluid and field in the annular gap. Using a four-pole stator winding (m = 2), experimental measurements show that a ferrofluid co-rotates with the magnetic field in both the cylindrical and annular cases, with qualitative agreement between the theory with nonzero spin viscosity and the experiments. Non-idealities in the stator winding distribution, e.g., due to slot effects, are considered through linear superposition of higher order harmonics, again predicting zero flow in the absence of spin viscosity and counter-rotating flow with respect to the magnetic field close to the inner cylinder wall only for the case where the fundamental harmonic (m = 1) is dominant.

+

Show PACS

47.65.Cb	Magnetic fluids and ferrofluids
75.50.Mm	Magnetic liquids
47.32.Ef	Rotating and swirling flows
47.80.-v	Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics

Select this Article

A. A. Avramenko, D. G. Blinov, and I. V. Shevchuk

Phys. Fluids 23, 082002 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3623432 (8 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 11 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Processes of heat, momentum, and concentration transport in a boundary layer of a nanofluid near a flat wall were studied. The study was performed by means of numerical analysis of boundary layer equations in a self-similar form. Self-similar forms of these equations were obtained based on symmetry properties (Lie groups). In doing so, dependence of physical properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient) on concentration of nanofluids and temperature were taken into account. Effects of concentration of the nano-particles on velocity and temperature profiles, as well as on the relative Nusselt numbers and skin-friction coefficients, were elucidated.

+

Show PACS

47.53.+n	Fractals in fluid dynamics
47.57.eb	Diffusion and aggregation
47.61.Fg	Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
02.20.Rt	Discrete subgroups of Lie groups

Select this Article

An integral perturbation model of flow and momentum transport in rotating microchannels with smooth or microstructured wall surfaces

Vince D. Romanin and Van P. Carey

Phys. Fluids 23, 082003 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3624599 (11 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

This paper summarizes the development of an integral perturbation solution of the equations governing flow momentum transport and energy conversion in microchannels between disks of multiple-disk drag turbines such as Tesla turbines. Analysis of this type of flow problem is a key element in optimal design of Tesla drag-type turbines for geothermal or solar alternative energy technologies. In multiple-disk turbines, high speed flow enters tangentially at the outer radius of cylindrical microchannels formed by closely spaced parallel disks, spiraling through the channel to an exhaust at a small radius, or at the center of the disk. Previous investigations have generally developed models based on simplifying idealizations of the flow in these circumstances. Here, beginning with the momentum and continuity equations for incompressible and steady flow in cylindrical coordinates, an integral solution scheme is developed that leads to a dimensionless perturbation series solution that retains the full complement of momentum and viscous effects to consistent levels of approximation in the series solution. This more rigorous approach indicates all dimensionless parameters that affect flow and transport and allows a direct assessment of the relative importance of viscous, pressure, and momentum effects in different directions in the flow. The resulting lowest-order equations are solved explicitly and higher order terms in the series solutions are determined numerically. Enhancement of rotor drag in this type of turbine enhances energy conversion efficiency. We also developed a modified version of the integral perturbation analysis that incorporates the effects of enhanced drag due to surface microstructuring. Results of the model analysis for smooth disk walls are shown to agree well with experimental performance data for a prototype Tesla turbine and predictions of performance models developed in earlier investigations. Model predictions indicate that enhancement of disk drag by strategic microstructuring of the disk surfaces can significantly increase turbine efficiency. Exploratory calculations with the model indicate that turbine efficiencies exceeding 75% can be achieved by designing for optimal ranges of the governing dimensionless parameters.

+

Show PACS

47.85.Np	Fluidics
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels
02.30.Rz	Integral equations
07.10.Cm	Micromechanical devices and systems
47.32.Ef	Rotating and swirling flows

Select this Article

Combined influence of streaming potential and substrate compliance on load capacity of a planar slider bearing

Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty and Suman Chakraborty

Phys. Fluids 23, 082004 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3624615 (9 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 18 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

In the present study, we investigate the combined interplay of streaming potential and substrate compliance with sliding dynamics on the load carrying capacity of a planar slider bearing. We relax previously utilized simplifying assumptions to model the electrokinetic effects and demonstrate that the streaming potential may augment the load carrying capacity of the bearing to a considerable extent. Interestingly, we also reveal that the electrokinetically augmented load carrying capacity exhibits strong dependencies on a combination of the compliance and the sliding dynamics, which have, hitherto, not been extensively explored. This rich interplay reveals certain parametric regimes of interest, which are significant from the viewpoint of practical design considerations.

+

Show PACS

47.85.Np	Fluidics
47.65.-d	Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics

Select this Article

Optimizing mixing in lid-driven flow designs through predictions from Eulerian indicators

Kevin L. McIlhany, David Mott, Elaine Oran, and Stephen Wiggins

Phys. Fluids 23, 082005 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3626022 (13 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

In this paper, we further develop the notion of Eulerian indicators (EIs) for predicting Lagrangian mixing behavior. We employ a two-dimensional “blinking” Stokes flow as a model for mixing in a three-dimensional, spatially periodic channel flow. Each blinking flow alternates two distinct velocity fields that were calculated using a lid-driven cavity model. A new EI termed mobility is introduced to measure how effectively the blinking velocity fields transport fluid throughout the domain. We also calculate the transversality for these flows, which is an EI measuring how much the velocity direction at each point in the domain changes when the velocity fields blink. For the studied flows, we show that although individually the mobility and transversality do not correlate well with mixing as measured by the decay of the variance of concentration, the product of mobility and transversality does correlate well with the decay of the variance of concentration and predicts which combinations of velocity fields will produce the most effective mixing.

+

Show PACS

07.10.Cm	Micromechanical devices and systems
47.11.-j	Computational methods in fluid dynamics
47.51.+a	Mixing
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels

Select this Article FREE

Droplet formation in microfluidic cross-junctions

Haihu Liu and Yonghao Zhang

Phys. Fluids 23, 082101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3615643 (12 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 4 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Using a lattice Boltzmann multiphase model, three-dimensional numerical simulations have been performed to understand droplet formation in microfluidic cross-junctions at low capillary numbers. Flow regimes, consequence of interaction between two immiscible fluids, are found to be dependent on the capillary number and flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases. A regime map is created to describe the transition from droplets formation at a cross-junction (DCJ), downstream of cross-junction to stable parallel flows. The influence of flow rate ratio, capillary number, and channel geometry is then systematically studied in the squeezing-pressure-dominated DCJ regime. The plug length is found to exhibit a linear dependence on the flow rate ratio and obey power-law behavior on the capillary number. The channel geometry plays an important role in droplet breakup process. A scaling model is proposed to predict the plug length in the DCJ regime with the fitting constants depending on the geometrical parameters.

+

Show PACS

47.55.db	Drop and bubble formation
47.55.df	Breakup and coalescence
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels
47.61.Jd	Multiphase flows
47.11.Qr	Lattice gas
02.60.Cb	Numerical simulation; solution of equations

Select this Article

The effect of surface shear viscosity on the damping of oscillations in millimetric liquid bridges

Miguel A. Herrada, José M. Montanero, and José M. Vega

Phys. Fluids 23, 082102 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3623425 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 10 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

The damping rate of the small free oscillations in a non-cylindrical, axi-symmetric liquid bridge between two circular disks is calculated and compared with some previous experimental measurements using hexadecane in a millimetric liquid bridge. Current theories, accounting for viscous damping in both the boundary layers attached to the disks and the bulk, underestimated the measured damping by a O(1) quantity; and no improvement resulted from calculations based on the full Navier-Stokes equations. These discrepancies are essentially eliminated in this paper considering the effect of the surface shear viscosity (whose value results from empirical fitness), which could be due to the presence of a contaminating monolayer. Some consequences are extracted in connection with surface wave damping in micro-fluidic devices.

+

Show PACS

47.35.-i	Hydrodynamic waves
02.30.Jr	Partial differential equations
47.10.ad	Navier-Stokes equations

Select this Article

Thermocapillary instabilities in liquid bridges revisited

Ilya I. Ryzhkov

Phys. Fluids 23, 082103 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3627150 (6 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 25 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

The study of convective thermocapillary instabilities in liquid bridges [J. J. Xu and S. H. Davis, Phys. Fluids 27(5), 1102 (1984)] is revisited. A new branch of neutral mode m = 1 is found. The previously reported results are confirmed in the range of low Prandtl numbers. It is shown that for large Prandtl numbers, the flow becomes unstable at much smaller values of the Marangoni number than it was reported previously. The calculations are performed for adiabatic and heat conductive free surface. In both cases, the critical mode is m = 1. The previously reported change of critical mode from m = 1 to m = 0 with increasing the Prandtl number is not confirmed. The corrected results provide a better agreement with the experimental data.

+

Show PACS

47.55.nb	Capillary and thermocapillary flows
47.55.pf	Marangoni convection
47.20.Ma	Interfacial instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Taylor)

Select this Article

Perturbation solution for the viscoelastic 3D flow around a rigid sphere subject to simple shear

Kostas D. Housiadas and Roger I. Tanner

Phys. Fluids 23, 083101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3615518 (21 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 1 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

We study the steady, three-dimensional creeping, and viscoelastic flow around a freely rotating rigid sphere subject to simple shear flow imposed at infinity. The viscoelasticity of the ambient fluid is modeled using the second-order-fluid model, the Upper Convected Maxwell, the exponential affine Phan-Thien-Tanner, and the Giesekus constitutive equations. A spherical coordinate system with origin at the center of the sphere is used to describe the flow field. The solution of the governing equations is expanded as a series for small values of the Deborah number. The resulting sequence of differential equations is solved analytically up to second order and numerically up to fourth order in Deborah number by employing fully spectral representations for all the primary variables. In particular, Chebyshev polynomials are used in the radial coordinate and the double Fourier series in the longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates. The numerical results up to second-order agree within machine accuracy with the available analytical solutions clearly indicating the correctness and accuracy of the numerical method developed here. Analytical expressions for the angular velocity of the rigid sphere up to fourth order, which show the slowdown of the rotation of the sphere with respect to the Newtonian creeping case, are also derived. For small Deborah numbers, these expressions, along with those presented in a recent letter [Housiadas and Tanner, Phys. Fluids 23, 051702 (2011)] are in agreement with the few available experimental data and numerical results.

+

Show PACS

47.50.Cd	Modeling
47.55.P-	Buoyancy-driven flows; convection
02.60.Gf	Algorithms for functional approximation
47.11.-j	Computational methods in fluid dynamics
47.15.G-	Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
47.32.Ef	Rotating and swirling flows

Select this Article

Wang’s shrinking cylinder problem with suction near a stagnation point

Y. Y. Lok and I. Pop

Phys. Fluids 23, 083102 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3624697 (8 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

In this paper, the steady axisymmetric stagnation point flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid over a shrinking circular cylinder with mass transfer (suction) is studied. The flow is induced by a cylinder shrinking with a linear velocity distribution from the stagnation line. The fluid flow solution is an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equation, which is reduced to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. This equation is solved numerically for some values of the governing parameters that involves a Reynolds number R, a shrinking parameter λ, and a suction parameter γ. The effects of these governing parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, as well as the distributions of the streamlines are investigated. The obtained results for the case of fixed cylinder are compared with those from the open literature and it is shown that they are in excellent agreement. The solutions are non-unique for some values of λ (<0). The streamlines show that the flow structures become complicated due to the shrinking and suction effects.

+

Show PACS

47.15.Cb	Laminar boundary layers
47.53.+n	Fractals in fluid dynamics
02.30.Hq	Ordinary differential equations
02.60.Cb	Numerical simulation; solution of equations
02.60.Lj	Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems
47.10.ad	Navier-Stokes equations

Select this Article

The effect of interstitial fluid viscosity on particle segregation in a slurry rotating drum

S. H. Chou, C. C. Liao, and S. S. Hsiau

Phys. Fluids 23, 083301 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3623275 (10 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 10 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Although the segregation of dry granular surface flow has been widely studied, cases where the air is completely replaced by a liquid still remain unexplored. In this study, we report on experiments performed to investigate the phenomena of particle segregation and flowing behavior in a rotating drum with liquids of different viscosities and different filling degrees. The experimental results indicate that the viscosity of the interstitial fluid has a significant effect on the granular flow in the slurry granular flow. The segregation index and angle of repose are shown to decrease with increased liquid viscosity. When the liquid viscosity is the same, the increase in filling degree causes the segregation index to increase, while the net rate of mixing seems to decrease. A new dimensionless flow variable is used to distinguish the flow regimes. We find that the flow regime changes from rolling regime to cascading regime when the dimensionless flow variable is below a critical value. Furthermore, the change of segregation index occurs during the transition of the granular flow regime.

+

Show PACS

45.70.Mg	Granular flow: mixing, segregation and stratification
47.32.Ef	Rotating and swirling flows
47.57.-s	Complex fluids and colloidal systems

Select this Article

Roles of particle-wall and particle-particle interactions in highly confined suspensions of spherical particles being sheared at low Reynolds numbers

Ashok S. Sangani, Andreas Acrivos, and Philippe Peyla

Phys. Fluids 23, 083302 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3613972 (15 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

The roles of particle-wall and particle-particle interactions are examined for suspensions of spherical particles in a viscous fluid being confined and sheared at low Reynolds numbers by two parallel walls moving with equal but opposite velocities. Both particle-wall and particle-particle interactions are shown to decrease the rotational velocity of the spheres, so that in the limit of vanishingly small gaps between the spheres and the walls, the spheres acquire a rotational slip relative to the walls. The presence of the walls also increases the particle stresslet and, therefore, the total viscous dissipation. In the limit of vanishingly small gaps, the increased viscous dissipation in the gaps between pairs of spheres aligned in the flow direction is largely compensated by the reduction in the dissipation in the gaps between the spheres and the walls due to a reduction in the rotational velocity of the spheres. As a result, the effect of short-range particle interactions on the stresslet is generally insignificant. On the other hand, the channel-scale particle interactions in the shear flow induced by the moving walls decrease the particle stresslet, primarily because the fraction of pairs of spheres that are aligned parallel to the flow (the presence of which in a shear flow reduces the stresslet) is relatively higher than in unbounded suspensions. Expressions are also derived for the total stress in dilute random suspensions that account for both the particle-wall and the channel-scale particle-particle interactions in determining the rotational velocities and stresses. The latter are shown to be consistent with recent numerical [Y. Davit and P. Peyla, Europhys. Lett. 83, 64001 (2008)] and experimental [P. Peyla and C. Verdier, Europhys. Lett. 94, 44001 (2011)] findings according to which, for a range of sphere radius to gap width ratios, the effect of particle-particle interactions is to decrease the total dissipation.

+

Show PACS

47.32.Ef	Rotating and swirling flows
47.45.Gx	Slip flows and accommodation
82.70.Kj	Emulsions and suspensions
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels

Select this Article

First-order virial expansion of short-time diffusion and sedimentation coefficients of permeable particles suspensions

Bogdan Cichocki, Maria L. Ekiel-Jeżewska, Gerhard Nägele, and Eligiusz Wajnryb

Phys. Fluids 23, 083303 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3626196 (8 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

For suspensions of permeable particles, the short-time translational and rotational self-diffusion coefficients, and collective diffusion and sedimentation coefficients are evaluated theoretically. An individual particle is modeled as a uniformly permeable sphere of a given permeability, with the internal solvent flow described by the Debye-Bueche-Brinkman equation. The particles are assumed to interact non-hydrodynamically by their excluded volumes. The virial expansion of the transport properties in powers of the volume fraction is performed up to the two-particle level. The first-order virial coefficients corresponding to two-body hydrodynamic interactions are evaluated with very high accuracy by the series expansion in inverse powers of the inter-particle distance. Results are obtained and discussed for a wide range of the ratio, x, of the particle radius to the hydrodynamic screening length inside a permeable sphere. It is shown that for x>rsim10, the virial coefficients of the transport properties are well-approximated by the hydrodynamic radius (annulus) model developed by us earlier for the effective viscosity of porous-particle suspensions.

+

Show PACS

82.70.Kj	Emulsions and suspensions
47.32.Ef	Rotating and swirling flows
47.56.+r	Flows through porous media
47.57.eb	Diffusion and aggregation
47.57.ef	Sedimentation and migration

Select this Article

On the benefits of hysteresis effects for closed-loop separation control using plasma actuation

N. Benard, L. N. Cattafesta, III, E. Moreau, J. Griffin, and J. P. Bonnet

Phys. Fluids 23, 083601 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3614482 (17 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 11 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Flow separation control by a non-thermal plasma actuator is considered for a NACA 0015 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 1.9 × 10⁵. Static hysteresis in the lift coefficient is demonstrated for increasing and then decreasing sinusoidal voltage amplitude supplying a typical single dielectric barrier discharge actuator at the leading edge of the model. In addition to these open-loop experiments, unsteady surface pressure signals are examined for transient processes involving forced reattachment and natural separation. The results show that strong pressure oscillations in the relatively slow separation process, compared to reattachment, precede the ultimate massive flow separation. To enhance the contrast between the parts of the signal related to the attached flow and those related to the incipient separation, RMS estimate of filtered values of Cp is used to define a flow separation predictor that is implemented in feedback control. Two simple controllers are proposed, one based on a predefined threshold of the unsteady Cp and another that utilizes the flow separation predictor to identify incipient separation. The latter effectively leverages the hysteresis in the post-stall regime to reduce the electrical power consumed by the actuator while maintaining continuously attached flow.

+

Show PACS

47.85.L-	Flow control
52.75.-d	Plasma devices
52.80.-s	Electric discharges
47.20.Ib	Instability of boundary layers; separation
47.32.Ff	Separated flows

Select this Article

Role of streamwise dynamics in spreading and mixing of flows through a rectangular sudden expansion

Amalendu Sau

Phys. Fluids 23, 083602 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3623422 (28 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Direct numerical simulations are performed to examine roles of streamwise dynamics in the spreading and mixing of flows in a two-step rectangular sudden expansion channel. The configuration is observed to facilitate higher entrainment by virtue of developed inflow type streamwise dynamics, and the system-generated passive forcing provided the necessary impetus for sustainable growth/evolution of the vortices. In addition, with the introduction and proper placement of two tiny rectangular “tabs” over the inlet walls, the downstream growth/dynamics of the vortices could be effectively modified. Through their inflow/outflow type dynamics, the streamwise vortices are found to decisively dictate the transverse jet spreading. The physical process thereby either led to a quick axis switching of the jet, or stopped axis switching altogether. However, the stretching of the azimuthal vortices is found to remain directly linked to the streamwise continuation of jet’s azimuthal curvature variation. A pressure analysis as presented herein, and the simulated nature of dynamics of two azimuthal components of vortices further reveal that the transverse pressure gradient skewing is a dominant source of streamwise vorticity in such flows. With the knowledge of simulated transverse pressure distribution, we formulate here a mechanism which efficiently predicts the inception/dynamics of all the streamwise vortices. Moreover, a novel mathematical foundation in support of the pressure analysis has been outlined here, which ensures further broader universal scope of applicability of our proposed pressure analysis.

+

Show PACS

47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels
47.32.C-	Vortex dynamics
47.55.Hd	Stratified flows

Select this Article

Sidewall and thermal boundary condition effects on the evolution of longitudinal rolls in Rayleigh-Bénard-Poiseuille convection

S. Mergui, X. Nicolas, and S. Hirata

Phys. Fluids 23, 084101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3605698 (9 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 5 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Experimental and numerical studies of steady longitudinal convection rolls that develop in a Poiseuille air flow in a rectangular channel heated from below and cooled from the top are conducted in the range 3500 ≤ Ra ≤ 6000 and 20 ≤ Re ≤ 200. The effect of the lateral vertical walls on the onset and development of the convection cells is investigated by changing the transverse aspect ratio of the channel from 4.7 to 18.4. The influence of the entrance temperature and adiabatic or conductive thermal boundary conditions at the side and top walls of the channel is also investigated. The scenario of the roll formation is described in details. It results in a symmetric pattern in the form of steady longitudinal rolls with an even number of rolls that depends not only on the aspect ratio but possibly on the inlet temperature of the flow. It is shown that the fully developed pattern is determined by the two rolls nearby each vertical side wall that are triggered just at the entrance of the channel due to the presence of velocity boundary layers adjacent to the walls. It is also shown that the heat conduction in the top horizontal wall of the experimental channel must be taken into account in the numerical simulations so that the experimental wavenumber can be properly depicted.

+

Show PACS

47.15.Cb	Laminar boundary layers
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels
47.15.Rq	Laminar flows in cavities, channels, ducts, and conduits
47.11.-j	Computational methods in fluid dynamics
47.54.Bd	Theoretical aspects
02.60.Cb	Numerical simulation; solution of equations

Select this Article

Control of axisymmetric vortex breakdown in a constricted pipe: Nonlinear steady states and weakly nonlinear asymptotic expansions

Philippe Meliga and François Gallaire

Phys. Fluids 23, 084102 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3610380 (23 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 5 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

The present paper investigates numerically and theoretically the axisymmetric vortex breakdown occurring in a constricted pipe of infinite extension, i.e., the transition from a smooth columnar state to a breakdown state exhibiting a recirculation bubble. Velocity distributions are prescribed at the pipe inlet under the form of Batchelor vortices with uniform axial velocity and variable levels of confinement. A numerical continuation technique is developed to follow the branches of nonlinear steady solutions when varying the swirl parameter. In the most general case, vortex breakdown occurs abruptly owing to a subcritical, global instability of the non-parallel, viscous columnar solution, and results in the coexistence of multiple stable solutions over a finite range of swirl. For highly confined vortices, a second scenario prevails, where the flow transitions smoothly from the columnar to the breakdown state without any instability. The effect of a low-flow rate jet positioned at the pipe wall is then characterized in the perspective of control. Its effectiveness is evaluated in light of several practically meaningful criteria, namely, the ability of the control to optimize either the stability domain or the topology of the columnar state and its ability to alleviate hysteresis. For each criterion, an optimal jet position is determined from nonlinear simulations, the results being in good agreement with that issuing from an asymptotic expansion of the Navier–Stokes equations. Finally, we illustrate the importance of physically motivated control strategies by demonstrating how the wall jet technique can be outdone by an appropriate manipulation of the axial velocity profile prescribed at the pipe inlet.

+

Show PACS

47.32.cd	Vortex stability and breakdown
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels
47.55.dd	Bubble dynamics
47.32.Ef	Rotating and swirling flows
47.60.Kz	Flows and jets through nozzles
47.10.ad	Navier-Stokes equations

Select this Article

Instability of magnetohydrodynamic flow in an annular channel at high Hartmann number

Yurong Zhao, Oleg Zikanov, and Dmitry Krasnov

Phys. Fluids 23, 084103 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3622775 (8 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

Instability of a flow of an electrically conducting fluid in an annular channel is analyzed. Strong constant magnetic field is imposed in the axial direction. Similarly to toroidal duct experiments, the flow is driven by the azimuthal Lorentz force resulting from the interaction between the magnetic field and the radial electric currents created by a difference of electric potential imposed between the cylinders. The instability of the base flow, while clearly of centrifugal nature, is significantly different from the Dean instability detected earlier in hydrodynamic systems and similar MHD systems at low and moderate magnetic fields. Growing perturbations are oscillating and axisymmetric and consist of counter-rotating toroidal vortices arranged side by side in the radial direction and having meridional cross-sections in the form of elongated ellipses oriented slightly obliquely to the axial direction. Simulations of the secondary flow show an interesting feature of periodic transitions between two symmetric solutions.

+

Show PACS

47.65.-d	Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels
47.32.-y	Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
47.20.Qr	Centrifugal instabilities (e.g., Taylor-Couette flow)
47.11.-j	Computational methods in fluid dynamics

Select this Article

On the evolution of spherical gas interfaces accelerated by a planar shock wave

Zhigang Zhai, Ting Si, Xisheng Luo, and Jiming Yang

Phys. Fluids 23, 084104 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3623272 (11 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 11 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

The interaction of a planar shock wave with a spherical gas interface (SF₆ or helium) surrounded by air is studied experimentally and numerically. By means of the high-speed schlieren photography with high time resolutions and the numerical method VAS2D, the detailed flow field structures including the evolution of interfaces and the development of wave patterns are obtained. The sequences of schlieren frames of SF₆ show that the refracted shock wave converges inside the volume and causes the shock focusing within the bubble interface, resulting in an outward jet. The SF₆ jet is different from the krypton jet studied because of the difference in their acoustic impedances. The pressure perturbation plays an important role in the jet formation. Quantitative data of the evolving interface length, height, and vortex spacing as well as the displacements of the interface and the jet are acquired and compared. The generation and distribution of vorticity are also analyzed numerically and are found to be the dominant factors for the interface deformation and the resulting turbulent mixing. Furthermore, the velocities of the interfaces and shock waves obtained from the x-t diagrams in the experimental and numerical photographs are compared with those predicted from one-dimensional gasdynamics. In this way, the air contaminations of both gases are re-evaluated and it is shown that the contamination by air inside the helium bubble is significant while it has just small influence in the SF₆ case, which confirms the findings in literatures.

+

Show PACS

47.40.Nm	Shock wave interactions and shock effects
47.55.dd	Bubble dynamics
47.32.-y	Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
47.27.wj	Turbulent mixing layers
47.27.wg	Turbulent jets
02.60.-x	Numerical approximation and analysis

Select this Article

The stability of miscible displacement in porous media: Nonmonotonic viscosity profiles

Min Chan Kim and Chang Kyun Choi

Phys. Fluids 23, 084105 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3624620 (8 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 15 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

+

Show Abstract

The stability of miscible displacement in porous media is analyzed theoretically. By considering the nonmonotonic viscosity variation effects, new stability equations are derived in a similar domain with and without the quasi-steady state approximations (QSSA). An analytical approach to solve the newly driven stability equations is proposed and its validity is confirmed by comparing its solutions with numerically obtained ones. Through the growth rate analysis without the QSSA, it is shown analytically that the system is unconditionally stable for the long-wave disturbance regardless of the viscosity profile. The present growth rate obtained for small time without the QSSA is quite different from the previous analyses based on the QSSA where the growth rate of the disturbance depends strongly on the viscosity profile. Through the stability characteristics for the finite time case, the validity of the QSSA is discussed. The present stability condition explains the system more reasonably than the previous results based on the conventional QSSA.

+

Show PACS

47.20.-k	Flow instabilities
47.56.+r	Flows through porous media
47.60.Dx	Flows in ducts and channels
02.60.Cb	Numerical simulation; solution of equations

Select this Article

Experimental observation of the steady-oscillatory transition in a cubic lid-driven cavity

A. Liberzon, Yu. Feldman, and A. Yu. Gelfgat

Phys. Fluids 23, 084106 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3625412 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2011

Full Text: Read Online (HTML) | Download PDF

multimedia

+

Show Abstract

Particle image velocimetry is applied to the lid-driven flow in a cube to validate the numerical prediction of steady-oscillatory transition at lower than ever observed Reynolds number. Experimental results agree with the numerical simulation demonstrating large amplitude oscillatory motion overlaying the base quasi-two-dimensional flow in the mid-plane. A good agreement in the values of critical Reynolds number and frequency of the appearing oscillations as well as similar spatial distributions of the oscillations amplitude are obtained.

+

Show PACS