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Oct 1984

Volume 27, Issue 10, pp. 2389-2591

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Dislocation glide observed in bimodal convection

John A. Whitehead

Phys. Fluids 27, 2389 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864540 (2 pages)

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Both dislocation climb and glide are known to occur in solid‐state physics, but only climb has been observed in dislocation defects (pinches) in convection cells. A search of movies of convection has uncovered observations of dislocation glide in the cross rolls in bimodal convection. The climb also exists with the dislocation moving in a direction opposite of the climb previously observed in convection rolls, i.e., toward long wavelength.
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61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography

Coherent density gradients in water compressed by a modulated shock wave

Robert F. Benjamin, Harold E. Trease, and John W. Shaner

Phys. Fluids 27, 2390 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864541 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

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A shock wave propagating from liquid metal into water via a corrugated interface produces quasiperiodic perturbations in the compressed water, as determined by shadowgraphy. Theoretical analysis indicates that the shadows are caused by density gradients which occur from the coherent interaction among reverberating pressure waves.
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47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
47.35.-i Hydrodynamic waves
68.03.-g Gas-liquid and vacuum-liquid interfaces
68.05.-n Liquid-liquid interfaces

Electron‐cyclotron maser radiation from a relativistic loss‐cone distribution

P. L. Pritchett

Phys. Fluids 27, 2393 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864542 (4 pages) | Cited 23 times

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The electron‐cyclotron maser instability is studied in a plasma with a loss‐cone distribution for parameters relevant to tandem mirror devices. Both linear theory and particle simulations are employed. The effects of finite k⊥ are found to be very significant, and in general, the largest growth rate occurs for radiation emission perpendicular to the magnetic field. The instability persists at much lower densities (ωpe/Ωe<0.1) than indicated by previous analyses, which were limited to the case of parallel emission.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps

The dynamics of a columnar vortex in an imposed strain

John C. Neu

Phys. Fluids 27, 2397 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864543 (6 pages) | Cited 30 times

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Exact solutions of the time‐dependent Euler equations are presented which correspond to uniform columnar vortices with elliptical cross sections undergoing rotation and deformation in a uniform three‐dimensional straining flow. In this work, the recent solutions of Kida [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 50, 3517 (1981)] are generalized to include the effect of a strain component along the axis of the vortex which results in its stretching. The time‐dependent solutions should play a very useful role in modeling time‐dependent vortex interactions in more complicated flows such as the mixing layer.
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47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows

The effect of radius ratio on the stability of Couette flow and Taylor vortex flow

R. C. DiPrima, P. M. Eagles, and B. S. Ng

Phys. Fluids 27, 2403 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864544 (9 pages) | Cited 16 times

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The effect of radius ratio on the stability of Couette flow to axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric disturbances and the stability of Taylor vortex flow to nonaxisymmetric disturbances is considered. It is assumed that the outer cylinder is at rest. As the ratio η of the radius of the inner cylinder to the radius of the outer cylinder is decreased, it is found that (i) the number of unstable normal modes for Couette flow at a fixed Taylor number decreases rapidly, and (ii) there is a critical value of η equal to about 0.65, below which there is no instability of the Taylor vortex flow for the range of Taylor numbers considered here. Recent experimental observations are summarized.
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47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows
47.20.-k Flow instabilities
47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows

Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of two‐dimensional turbulence

J. Qian

Phys. Fluids 27, 2412 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864545 (6 pages) | Cited 6 times

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A complete set of independent real parameters and its dynamic equation are worked out to describe the vorticity dynamics of two‐dimensional turbulence. The corresponding Liouville equation is solved by a perturbation method upon the basis of a Langevin–Fokker–Plank Model. The dynamic damping coefficient η of the LFP model is treated as an optimum control parameter to minimize the error of the perturbation solution. Thereby two integral equations, the enstrophy equation and the η equation, are obtained for two unknown functions: the spectrum and the η. The equilibrium spectrum for the inviscid case is obtained as a stationary solution of the enstrophy equation. The nonlocalness of the enstrophy transfer makes the enstrophy equation divergent for a simple power‐law spectrum. In order to avoid the divergence problem, a localization factor g is introduced to characterize the actual spectrum. Finally, the localized forms of the two integral equations are numerically solved, leading to the inertial‐range spectrum, E(k)=1.82(ln g−1.23)−2/3χ2/3k−3 for g≥10, χ is the dissipation rate of the enstrophy.
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47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
05.20.-y Classical statistical mechanics

Schlieren photography of second‐sound shock waves in superfluid helium

J. R. Torczynski, D. Gerthsen, and T. Roesgen

Phys. Fluids 27, 2418 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864546 (6 pages) | Cited 15 times

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A conventional schlieren system has been used to study second‐sound shock waves produced in a shock tube with optical windows. Initially planar shocks are observed to remain so, even after several reflections from the end walls. No interaction of the shocks with the side wall boundary layers is seen, attesting to the thinness of these layers. Second‐sound shocks are reflected from the liquid–vapor interface, producing transmitted gasdynamic shocks and reflected second‐sound shocks. Several strong shocks are fired with short separation times, generating observable fluctuations in the fluid.
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67.25.dg Transport, hydrodynamics, and superflow
67.25.dt Sound and excitations
42.79.Mt Schlieren devices

Quasi‐one‐dimensional nozzle flows of disparate mixtures

N. K. Mitra, M. Fiebig, and W. Schwan

Phys. Fluids 27, 2424 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864547 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Quasi‐one‐dimensional inviscid flows of helium‐argon mixtures are computed from a two‐fluid flow model in a convergent divergent nozzle. Results show not only velocity and temperature slip but also critical mass flow rates larger than those predicted by isentropic one‐dimensional flow.
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47.60.Kz Flows and jets through nozzles
51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases

Frequency shift of coherent ion‐acoustic waves in the presence of ion‐acoustic turbulence

O. Ishihara and A. Hirose

Phys. Fluids 27, 2429 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864548 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

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The nonlinear frequency shift of coherent ion‐acoustic waves in the presence of background ion‐acoustic turbulence is reexamined in the framework of weak turbulence theory. In contrast to previous findings, the frequency shift always remains positive irrespective of the propagation direction of the coherent waves.
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52.35.Dm Sound waves
52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)

Bernstein mode excitation in an inhomogeneous plasma by the coupling of two electromagnetic waves near the upper‐hybrid frequency

F. Braun and G. Leclert

Phys. Fluids 27, 2433 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864524 (8 pages) | Cited 4 times

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The equation describing the excitation of a Bernstein wave near the upper‐hybrid frequency by the coupling of two electromagnetic waves in an inhomogeneous plasma is derived. The basic assumptions are (i) the three waves propagate perpendicularly to the external magnetic field, and (ii) the Bernstein wave is electrostatic. The excited electric field may be expressed in terms of Airy functions. The power flowing in the upper‐hybrid mode is calculated as a function of the coupling length, the inhomogeneity length, and the angle between the incident waves. Numerical results are given for the case of ionosphere.
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52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.)
52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma
52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings; active experiments

Time‐dependent drift Hamiltonian

Allen H. Boozer

Phys. Fluids 27, 2441 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864525 (5 pages) | Cited 39 times

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The lowest‐order drift equations are given in a canonical magnetic coordinate form for time‐dependent magnetic and electric fields. The advantages of the canonical Hamiltonian form are also discussed.
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52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.20.Dq Particle orbits

Island formation and destruction of flux surfaces in three‐dimensional MHD equilibria

A. Reiman and Allen H. Boozer

Phys. Fluids 27, 2446 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864526 (9 pages) | Cited 45 times

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The physics involved in the appearance of islands caused by resonant pressure driven currents in three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equilibria is described. Estimates of island widths are obtained by an expansion in β, with an auxiliary expansion about the magnetic axis. The theory is applied to Princeton’s heliac reference design.
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52.30.-q Plasma dynamics and flow
52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium

Hamiltonian guiding center drift orbit calculation for plasmas of arbitrary cross section

R. B. White and M. S. Chance

Phys. Fluids 27, 2455 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864527 (13 pages) | Cited 202 times

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A Hamiltonian guiding center drift orbit formalism is developed which permits the efficient calculation of particle trajectories in magnetic field configurations of arbitrary cross section with arbitrary plasma β. The magnetic field is assumed to be a small perturbation from a zero‐order ‘‘equilibrium’’ field possessing magnetic surfaces. The equilibrium field, possessing helical or toroidal symmetry, can be modeled analytically or obtained numerically from equilibrium codes. The formalism is used to study trapped particle precession. Finite banana width corrections to the toroidal precession rate are derived, and the bounce averaged trapped particle motion is expressed in Hamiltonian form. Particle drift‐pumping associated with the ‘‘fishbone’’ oscillation is investigated. A numerical code based on the formalism is used to study particle orbits in circular and bean‐shaped tokamak configurations.
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52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.20.Dq Particle orbits
52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas

Current drive by the combined effects of electron‐cyclotron and Landau wave damping in tokamak plasmas

I. Fidone, G. Giruzzi, G. Granata, and R. L. Meyer

Phys. Fluids 27, 2468 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864528 (9 pages) | Cited 25 times

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The theory of current drive by the combined effects of lower‐hybrid and electron‐cyclotron wave absorption is investigated. The case of a spatially homogeneous lower‐hybrid diffusion coefficient and the electron ordinary mode propagating nearly normal to the magnetic field is considered. The effect of selective electron‐cyclotron wave absorption for optimizing lower‐hybrid current drive is discussed for two situations, namely, the wave frequency close to or much less than the electron‐cyclotron gyrofrequency, which corresponds to particle heating for moderate velocities and mildly relativistic energies, respectively. In the former case, by using the numerical solution of the Fokker–Planck equation it is shown that electron heating is suited for controlling the density of the current‐carrying tail. The latter case is investigated for moderate wave powers and is shown to be most appropriate for optimizing the ratio J/P.
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52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices

Enhanced particle losses and hollow distribution functions due to rf‐induced velocity diffusion

D. Anderson and M. Lisak

Phys. Fluids 27, 2477 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864529 (6 pages) | Cited 5 times

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An analytical study is made of the effects of ion‐cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) on high‐energy particle containment in tokamaks. In particular, it is found that rf‐induced velocity diffusion may significantly enhance scrape‐off losses and ripple losses. A concomitant inversion of the distribution function of the heated ions is potentially dangerous since the excitation of wave instabilities could lead to a further increased particle loss because of quasilinear diffusion.
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52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)

Current‐driven instabilities of the kinetic shear Alfvén wave: Application to reversed field pinches and spheromaks

D. D. Meyerhofer and F. W. Perkins

Phys. Fluids 27, 2483 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864530 (10 pages) | Cited 5 times

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The kinetic Alfvén wave is studied in a cylindrical force‐free plasma with self‐consistent magnetic fields. This equilibrium represents a reversed field pinch or a spheromak. The stability of the wave is found to depend on the ratio of the electron drift velocity to the Alfvén velocity. This ratio varies inversely with the square root of the plasma line density. The critical line density using the Spitzer–Harm electron distribution function is found for reversed field pinches with deuterium plasmas to be approximately 2×1018 and is 5×1017 m−1 in spheromaks with hydrogen plasmas. The critical line density is in reasonable agreement with experimental data for reversed field pinches.
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52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)

Ion tails and lower‐hybrid‐drift turbulence in the ELMO Bumpy Torus

M. Rosenberg and N. A. Krall

Phys. Fluids 27, 2493 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864531 (7 pages)

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It is demonstrated that a low level of lower‐hybrid‐drift waves could explain the hot‐ion tails observed in EBT; the tail temperature is related to the lower‐hybrid‐drift wave energy. The effect of these waves on the bulk ion distribution is also analyzed.
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52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
52.35.Kt Drift waves

Stability of electrostatic drift waves in bumpy tori

Heiji Sanuki

Phys. Fluids 27, 2500 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864532 (11 pages) | Cited 22 times

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Nonlocal properties of electrostatic drift waves in a straight magnetic field in a collisionless and low‐β plasma with a hot‐electron component are discussed analytically in detail. Interesting drift wave features, such as eigenfrequency, growth rate, radial wavenumber, and position of localization, are clarified. Effects of the hot‐electron component and the ambipolar potential on the stability of drift waves are also studied and related to low‐frequency fluctuations measured in ELMO Bumpy Torus and Nagoya Bumpy Torus experiments. It is found that the hot‐electron component has a destabilizing effect, but a strong ambipolar field has a stabilizing influence on drift waves inside the hot‐electron ring.
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52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.35.Kt Drift waves
52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)

Ballooning precessional instabilities in a single‐cell hot‐electron plasma

Kang Tsang, X. S. Lee, B. Hafizi, and Thomas M. Antonsen

Phys. Fluids 27, 2511 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864533 (11 pages) | Cited 3 times

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A fourth‐order differential eigenequation along a field line for a hot‐electron plasma in a single‐cell mirror is derived in the large hot‐electron precession frequency limit. This eigenequation is investigated analytically in the electromagnetic‐flute limit and numerically. Electrostatic ballooning modes can couple with the hot‐electron precessional motion and lead to instability if the frequency matching condition is satisfied. The new stability boundary due to this coupling is explored numerically in appropriate parameter space.
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52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps

Free‐boundary stability of straight stellarators

D. C. Barnes and John R. Cary

Phys. Fluids 27, 2522 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864534 (13 pages) | Cited 6 times

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The sharp‐boundary model is used to investigate the stability of straight stellarators to free‐boundary, long‐wavelength modes. To correctly analyze the heliac configuration, previous theory is generalized to the case of arbitrary helical aspect ratio (ratio of plasma radius to periodicity length). A simple low‐β criterion involving the vacuum field and the normalized axial current is derived and used to investigate a large variety of configurations. The predictions of this low‐β theory are verified by numerical minimization of δW at arbitrary β. The heliac configuration is found to be remarkably stable, with a critical β of over 15% determined by the lack of equilibrium rather than the onset of instability. In addition, other previously studied systems are found to be stabilized by net axial plasma current.
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52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects

Radiation spectra from an imploding argon gas puff

S. Maxon and T. Wainwright

Phys. Fluids 27, 2535 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864535 (10 pages) | Cited 14 times

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The one‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations coupled with the time‐dependent populations of the average ion model are numerically solved for an argon gas puff in a Z‐pinch configuration. Time‐dependent emission spectra are obtained and compared with experiment. There is agreement for the radiation emitted by the hot gas adjacent to the shock front and apparent disagreement for the cool, dense snowplowed gas adjacent to the outer boundary.
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52.55.Ez Theta pinch
52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
32.30.Rj X-ray spectra

Instabilities in magnetically insulated gaps with resistive electrode plasmas

C. L. Chang, Thomas M. Antonsen, Edward Ott, and Adam T. Drobot

Phys. Fluids 27, 2545 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864536 (12 pages) | Cited 22 times

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Collisional plasma layers exist on the electrode surfaces of magnetically insulated gaps. Coupling of the cathode electron sheath with these plasma layers leads to instabilities. These instabilities are of two types: (i) a destabilized negative energy mode on the electron sheath and (ii) a new low‐frequency resistive mode. The growth rates and physical picture of these modes suggest that they might be extremely dangerous in practice, leading to sporadic breakdown of magnetic insulation.
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84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams

Wave enhancement due to a static electric field

S. I. Tsunoda and J. H. Malmberg

Phys. Fluids 27, 2557 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864537 (19 pages) | Cited 13 times

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The effect of an applied static electric field on beam electrons trapped by the wave in a traveling wave tube has been investigated experimentally. For sufficiently weak applied fields the wave power is enhanced. When the applied field is sufficiently strong the beam electrons are detrapped, and the wave power enhancement is destroyed. It is found that the beam space charge plays an important role in the detrapping process and acts to limit the wave power enhancement. In addition it is found that the wave power enhancement can be increased by increasing the rf input drive level. By launching waves near the saturation level, over 10 dB of wave power enhancement has been observed. These effects are predicted in a computer simulation, and there is good agreement between the results of the simulation and the experimental results.
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52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
41.60.-m Radiation by moving charges
84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave, backward-wave tubes, etc.)

Measurements of magnetic field fluctuations in the OHTE toroidal pinch

R. J. La Haye, T. N. Carlstrom, R. R. Goforth, G. L. Jackson, Michael J. Schaffer, T. Tamano, and P. L. Taylor

Phys. Fluids 27, 2576 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864538 (4 pages) | Cited 69 times

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Both external and internal magnetic probes have been used in low‐current discharges and external probes in high‐current discharges to study the magnetic field configuration and its fluctuations in the OHTE toroidal pinch with toroidal field reversal. The equilibrium magnetic field configuration is close to that of the Taylor state in the central half of the plasma (μ≡μ0bJ/B is constant) but differs in the outer half (μ gradually goes to zero at the plasma edge). Measurements of the magnetic fluctuations indicate that the dominant fluctuation mode observed is the resistive internal kink with m=1, n≂18. The measured relative level of magnetic field fluctuations scales as math/B∼S−1/2, where S is the magnetic Reynolds number.
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52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena
52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)

Dynamical equations for the reversed field pinch

H. Strauss

Phys. Fluids 27, 2580 (1984); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.864539 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

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Reduced magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations are derived for small amplitude fluctuations in reversed field pinches. Numerical solutions exhibit a dynamo effect with self‐reversal of the magnetic field.
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52.55.Ez Theta pinch
52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
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